These are the boot options that are useful when starting Anaconda. For moreinformation refer to the appropriate Installation Guide for your release andto the Anaconda wiki.
- Mac Anaconda Allow Python.app Incoming Connections 2020
- Mac Anaconda Allow Python.app Incoming Connections Using
- Mac Anaconda Allow Python.app Incoming Connections Across
- Mac Anaconda Allow Python.app Incoming Connections Within
Authors: | Anaconda Developers <anaconda-devel-list@redhat.com>Will Woods <wwoods@redhat.com>Anne Mulhern <amulhern@redhat.com> |
---|
Miniconda is a free minimal installer for conda. It is a small, bootstrap version of Anaconda that includes only conda, Python, the packages they depend on, and a small number of other useful packages, including pip, zlib and a few others. Use the conda install command to install 720+ additional conda packages from the Anaconda repository. Proxy on macOS letting Python libraries hook into the GUI event loop.
Anaconda bootup is handled by dracut, so most of the kernel arguments handledby dracut are also valid. See dracut.kernel(7) for details on those options.
Throughout this guide, installer-specific options are prefixed with
inst
(e.g. inst.ks
).
Installation Source¶
Note
An installable tree is a directory structure containing installerimages, packages, and repodata. [1]
Usually this is either a copy of the DVD media (or loopback-mounted DVDimage), or the
<arch>/os/
directory on the Fedora mirrors.
[1] | an installable tree must contain a valid .treeinfo filefor inst.repo or inst.stage2 to work. |
inst.repo¶
This gives the location of the Install Source - that is, the place where theinstaller can find its images and packages. It can be specified in a fewdifferent ways:
inst.repo=cdrom
- Search the system’s CDROM drives for installer media. This is the default.
inst.repo=cdrom:<device>
- Look for installer media in the specified disk device.
inst.repo=hd:<device>:<path>
- Mount the given disk partition and install from ISO file on the given path.This installation method requires ISO file, which contains an installable tree.
inst.repo=[http,https,ftp]://<host>/<path>
- Look for an installable tree at the given URL.
inst.repo=nfs:[<options>:]<server>:/<path>
-
Mount the given NFS server and path. Uses NFS version 3 by default.You can specify what version of the NFS protocol to use by adding
nfsvers=X
to the options.This accepts not just an installable tree directory in the<path>
element,but you can also specify an.iso
file. That ISO file is then mounted andused as the installation tree. This is often used for simulating a standardDVD installation using a remoteDVD.iso
image.NoteDisk devices may be specified with any of the following forms:- Kernel Device Name
/dev/sda1
,sdb2
- Filesystem Label
LABEL=FLASH
,LABEL=Fedora
,CDLABEL=Fedorax2023x20x86_64
- Filesystem UUID
UUID=8176c7bf-04ff-403a-a832-9557f94e61db
Non-alphanumeric characters should be escaped withxNN
, where‘NN’ is the hexidecimal representation of the character (e.g.x20
forthe space character (‘ ‘).inst.addrepo¶
Add additional repository which can be used as another Installation Sourcenext to the main repository (see inst.repo). This option can be used multipletimes during one boot. This can be specified in a few different ways:inst.addrepo=REPO_NAME,[http,https,ftp]://<host>/<path>
- Look for the installable tree at the given URL.
inst.addrepo=REPO_NAME,nfs://<server>:/<path>
- Look for the installable tree at the given nfs path. Note that there is acolon after the host. Anaconda passes everything after “nfs:// ” directlyto the mount command instead of parsing URLs according to RFC 2224.
inst.addrepo=REPO_NAME,file://<path>
- Look for the installable tree at the given location in the installationenvironment. Beware, to be able to use this variant the repo needs tobe mounted before Anaconda tries to use it (load available software groups).The main usage for this command is having multiple repositories on onebootable ISO and install both the main repo and additional repositories fromthis ISO. The path to the additional repositories will be then/run/install/source/REPO_ISO_PATH. Another solution can be to mount this repodirectory in the %pre section in the kickstart file.NOTE: The path must be absolute and start with / so the final url startswith file:///….
inst.addrepo=REPO_NAME,hd:<device>:<path>
- Mount the given <device> partition and install from ISO specified by the <path>.If the <path> is not specified Anaconda will look for the valid installation ISOon the <device>. This installation method requires ISO with a valid installable tree.For more detail how to specify <device> argument part please see diskdev.
The REPO_NAME is name of the repository and it is a required part. The name will beused in the installation process. These repositories will be used only during theinstallation but they will not be installed to the installed system.inst.noverifyssl¶
Prevents Anaconda from verifying the ssl certificate for all HTTPS connectionswith an exception of the additional repositories added by kickstart (where–noverifyssl can be set per repo). Newly created additional repositories will honorthis option.inst.proxy¶
inst.proxy=PROXY_URL
Use the given proxy settings when performing an installation from aHTTP/HTTPS/FTP source. ThePROXY_URL
can be specified like this:[PROTOCOL://][USERNAME[:PASSWORD]@]HOST[:PORT]
.inst.stage2¶
This specifies the location to fetch only the installer runtime image;packages will be ignored. Otherwise the same as inst.repo.inst.stage2.all¶
All locations of type http, https or ftp specified with inst.stage2 willbe used sequentially one by one until the image is fetched. Other locationswill be ignored.In the following example, Anaconda will try to fetch the image at first fromhttp://a
, then fromhttp://b
and finally fromhttp://c
.Without the boot optioninst.stage2.all
, Anaconda will try to fetch theimage only fromhttp://c
, as usual.inst.dd¶
This specifies the location for driver rpms. May be specified multiple times.Locations may be specified using any of the formats allowed forinst.repo.inst.multilib¶
This sets dnf’s multilib_policy to “all” (as opposed to “best”).Kickstart¶
inst.ks¶
Give the location of a kickstart file to be used to automate the install.Locations may be specified using any of the formats allowed for inst.repo.For any format the<path>
component defaults to/ks.cfg
if it is omitted.For NFS kickstarts, if the<path>
ends in/
,<ip>-kickstart
is added.Ifinst.ks
is used without a value, the installer will look fornfs:<next_server>:/<filename>
<next_server>
is the DHCP “next-server” option, or the IP of the DHCP server itself<filename>
is the DHCP “filename” option, or/kickstart/
, andif the filename given ends in/
,<ip>-kickstart
is added (as above)
For example:- DHCP server:
192.168.122.1
- client address:
192.168.122.100
- kickstart file:
nfs:192.168.122.1:/kickstart/192.168.122.100-kickstart
inst.ks.all¶
All locations of type http, https or ftp specified with inst.ks will be usedsequentially one by one until the kickstart file is fetched. Other locationswill be ignored.In the following example, Anaconda will try to fetch the kickstart file atfirst fromhttp://a/a.ks
, then fromhttp://b/b.ks
and finally fromhttp://c/c.ks
.Without the boot optioninst.ks.all
, Anaconda will try to fetch thekickstart file only fromhttp://c/c.ks
, as usual.inst.ks.sendmac¶
Add headers to outgoing HTTP requests which include the MAC addresses of allnetwork interfaces. The header is of the form:X-RHN-Provisioning-MAC-0:eth001:23:45:67:89:ab
This is helpful when usinginst.ks=http..
to provision systems.inst.ks.sendsn¶
Add a header to outgoing HTTP requests which includes the system’s serialnumber. [2]https://apiyellow863.weebly.com/how-to-move-row-of-apps-on-mac.html. The header is of the form:X-System-Serial-Number:<serial>
[2] as read from /sys/class/dmi/id/product_serial
inst.ksstrict¶
With this option, all warnings from reading the kickstart file will betreated as errors. They will be printed on the output and the installationwill terminate immediately.By default, the warnings are printed to logs and the installationcontinues.Network Options¶
Initial network setup is handled by dracut. For detailed information consultthe “Network” section of dracut.kernel(7).The most common dracut network options are covered here, along with someinstaller-specific options.ip¶
Configure one (or more) network interfaces. You can use multipleip
arguments to configure multiple interfaces, but if you do you must specify aninterface for everyip=
argument, and you must specify which interfaceis the primary boot interface with bootdev.Accepts a few different forms; the most common are: ip=<dhcp|dhcp6|auto6|ibft>
- Try to bring up every interface using the given autoconf method. Defaultsto
ip=dhcp
if network is required byinst.repo
,inst.ks
,inst.updates
,etc. ip=<interface>:<autoconf>
- Bring up only one interface using the given autoconf method, e.g.
ip=eth0:dhcp
. ip=<ip>::<gateway>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<interface>:none
-
Bring up the given interface with a static network config, where:
<ip>
- The client IP address. IPv6 addresses may be specified by puttingthem in square brackets, like so:
[2001:DB8::1]
. <gateway>
- The default gateway. IPv6 addresses are accepted here too.
<netmask>
- The netmask (e.g.
255.255.255.0
) or prefix (e.g.64
). <hostname>
- Hostname for the client machine. This component is optional.
ip=<ip>::<gateway>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<interface>:<autoconf>:<mtu>
-
Bring up the given interface with the given autoconf method, but override theautomatically obtained IP/gateway/etc. with the provided values.Technically all of the items are optional, so if you want to use dhcp but alsoset a hostname you can use
ip=::::<hostname>::dhcp
.nameserver¶
Specify the address of a nameserver to use. May be used multiple times.bootdev¶
Specify which interface is the boot device. Required if multipleip=
options are used.ifname¶
ifname=<interface>:<MAC>
- Assign the given interface name to the network device with the given MAC. Maybe used multiple times.
NoteDracut applies ifname option (which might involve renaming the device withgiven MAC) in initramfs only if the device is activated in initramfs stage(based on ip= option). If it is not the case, installer still binds thecurrent device name to the MAC by adding HWADDR setting to the ifcfg file ofthe device.inst.dhcpclass¶
Set the DHCP vendor class identifier [3]. Defaults toanaconda-$(uname-srm)
.[3] ISC dhcpd
will see this value as “option vendor-class-identifier”.inst.waitfornet¶
inst.waitfornet=<TIMEOUT_IN_SECONDS>
- Wait for network connectivity at the beginning of the second stage ofinstallation (after switchroot from early initramfs stage when the installerprocess is run).
Console / Display Options¶
console¶
This is a kernel option that specifies what device to use as the primaryconsole. For example, if your console should be on the first serial port, useconsole=ttyS0
.You can use multipleconsole=
options; boot messages will be displayed onall consoles, but anaconda will put its display on the last console listed.Implies inst.text.inst.lang¶
Set the language to be used during installation. The language specified mustbe valid for thelang
kickstart command.inst.geoloc¶
Configure geolocation usage in Anaconda. Geolocation is used to pre-setlanguage and time zone.inst.geoloc=0
- Disables geolocation.
inst.geoloc=provider_fedora_geoip
- Use the Fedora GeoIP API (default).
inst.geoloc=provider_hostip
- Use the Hostip.info GeoIP API.
inst.geoloc-use-with-ks¶
Enable geolocation even during a kickstart installation (both partial and fully automatic).Otherwise geolocation is only enabled during a fully interactive installation.inst.keymap¶
Set the keyboard layout to use. The layout specified must be valid for use withthekeyboard
kickstart command.inst.cmdline¶
Run the installer in command-line mode. This mode does notallow any interaction; all options must be specified in a kickstart file oron the command line.inst.graphical¶
Run the installer in graphical mode. This is the default.inst.text¶
Run the installer using a limited text-based UI. Unless you’re using akickstart file this probably isn’t a good idea; you should use VNC instead.inst.noninteractive¶
Run the installer in a non-interactive mode. This mode does not allow anyuser interaction and can be used with graphical or text mode. With textmode it behaves the same as theinst.cmdline
mode.inst.resolution¶
Specify screen size for the installer. Use format nxm, where n is thenumber of horizontal pixels, m the number of vertical pixels. The lowestsupported resolution is 800x600.inst.vnc¶
Run the installer GUI in a VNC session. You will need a VNC client applicationto interact with the installer. VNC sharing is enabled, so multiple clientsmay connect.A system installed with VNC will start in text mode (runlevel 3).inst.vncpassword¶
Set a password on the VNC server used by the installer.inst.vncconnect¶
inst.vncconnect=<host>[:<port>]
-
Once the install starts, connect to a listening VNC client at the given host.Default port is 5900.Use with
vncviewer-listen
.inst.xdriver¶
Specify the X driver that should be used during installation and on theinstalled system.inst.usefbx¶
Use the framebuffer X driver (fbdev
) rather than a hardware-specific driver.Equivalent toinst.xdriver=fbdev
.inst.xtimeout¶
Specify the timeout in seconds for starting X server.inst.sshd¶
Start upsshd
during system installation. You can then ssh in while theinstallation progresses to debug or monitor its progress.CautionTheroot
account has no password by default. You can set one usingthesshpw
kickstart command.Debugging and Troubleshooting¶
inst.rescue¶
Run the rescue environment. This is useful for trying to diagnose and fixbroken systems.inst.updates¶
Give the location of anupdates.img
to be applied to the installer runtime.Locations may be specified using any of the formats allowed forinst.repo
.For any format the<path>
component defaults to/updates.img
if it isomitted.inst.nokill¶
A debugging option that prevents anaconda from and rebooting when a fatal erroroccurs or at the end of the installation process.inst.loglevel¶
inst.loglevel=<debug|info|warning|error|critical>
- Set the minimum level required for messages to be logged on a terminal (logfiles always contain messages of all levels). The default value is
info
.
inst.noshell¶
Opening app files on mac. Do not put a shell on tty2 during install.inst.notmux¶
Do not use tmux during install. This allows for output to get generated withoutterminal control characters and is really meant for non-interactive uses.inst.syslog¶
inst.syslog=<host>[:<port>]
-
Once installation is running, send log messages to the syslog process onthe given host. The default port is 514 (UDP).Requires the remote syslog process to accept incoming connections.
inst.virtiolog¶
Forward logs through the named virtio port (a character device at/dev/virtio-ports/<name>
).If not provided, a port namedorg.fedoraproject.anaconda.log.0
will be used by default, if found.See the Anaconda wiki logging page for more info on setting up logging via virtio.Boot loader options¶
extlinux¶
Use extlinux as the bootloader. Note that there’s no attempt to validate thatthis will work for your platform or anything; it assumes that if you ask for it,you want to try.leavebootorder¶
Boot the drives in their existing order, to override the default of booting intothe newly installed drive on Power Systems servers and EFI systems. This isuseful for systems that, for example, should network boot first before fallingback to a local boot.Storage options¶
inst.nodmraid¶
Disable support for dmraid.WarningThis option is never a good idea! If you have a disk that iserroneously identified as part of a firmware RAID array, that meansit has some stale RAID metadata on it which must be removed usingan appropriate tool (dmraid and/or wipefs).inst.nompath¶
Disable support for multipath devices. This is for systems on which afalse-positive is encountered which erroneously identifies a normal block deviceas a multipath device. There is no other reason to use this option.WarningNot for use with actual multipath hardware! Using this to attemptto install to a single path of a multipath is ill-advised, and notsupported.Other options¶
inst.selinux¶
Enable SELinux usage in the installed system (default). Note that when used as aboot option, “selinux” and “inst.selinux” are not the same. The “selinux” optionis picked up by both the kernel and Anaconda, but “inst.selinux” is processedonly by Anaconda. So when “selinux=0” is used, SELinux will be disabled both inthe installation environment and in the installed system, but when“inst.selinux=0” is used SELinux will only be disabled in the installed system.Also note that while SELinux is running in the installation environment bydefault, it is running in permissive mode so disabling it there does not makemuch sense.inst.nosave¶
Controls what installation results should not be saved to the installed system,valid values are: “input_ks”, “output_ks”, “all_ks”, “logs” and “all”.input_ks
- Disables saving of the input kickstart (if any).
output_ks
- Disables saving of the output kickstart generated by Anaconda.
all_ks
- Disables saving of both input and output kickstarts.
logs
- Disables saving of all installation logs.
all
- Disables saving of all kickstarts and all logs.
Multiple values can be combined as a comma separated list, for example:input_ks,logs
NoteThe nosave option is meant for excluding files from the installed system that can’tbe removed by a kickstart %post script, such as logs and input/output kickstarts.inst.nonibftiscsiboot¶
Allows to place boot loader on iSCSI devices which were not configured in iBFT.Product options¶
Use the optionsinst.product
andinst.variant
to specify a product. The installer willbe customized based on configuration files from/etc/anaconda/product.d
that are specificfor this product.inst.product¶
Set the name of a product.For example:inst.product=Fedora
inst.variant¶
Set the name of a variant. It is not allowed to specify a variant name without a product name,so useinst.product
to specify the product as well.For example:inst.product=Fedorainst.variant=Workstation
Third-party options¶
Since Fedora 19 the Anaconda installer supports third-party extensions calledaddons. The addons can support their own set of boot options which should bedocumented in their documentation or submitted here.inst.kdump_addon¶
inst.kdump_addon=on/off
Enable kdump anaconda addon to setup the kdump service.Deprecated Options¶
These options should still be accepted by the installer, but they aredeprecated and may be removed soon.dns¶
Use nameserver instead. Note thatnameserver
does notaccept comma-separated lists; use multiplenameserver
options instead.netmask, gateway, hostname¶
These can be provided as part of the ip option.ip=bootif¶
A PXE-supplied BOOTIF option will be used automatically, so there’s no needksdevice¶
- Not present
- The first device with a usable link is used
ksdevice=link
- Ignored (this is the same as the default behavior)
ksdevice=bootif
- Ignored (this is the default if
BOOTIF=
is present) ksdevice=ibft
- Replaced with
ip=ibft
. See ip ksdevice=<MAC>
- Replaced with
BOOTIF=${MAC/:/-}
ksdevice=<DEV>
- Replaced with bootdev
Removed Options¶
These options are obsolete and have been removed.askmethod, asknetwork¶
Anaconda’s initramfs is now is completely non-interactive, so these have beenremoved.Instead, use inst.repo or specify appropriate Network Options.blacklist, nofirewire¶
modprobe
handles blacklisting kernel modules on its own; trymodprobe.blacklist=<mod1>,<mod2>..
You can blacklist the firewire module withmodprobe.blacklist=firewire_ohci
.serial¶
This option was never intended for public use; it was supposed to be used toforce anaconda to use/dev/ttyS0
as its console when testing it on a livemachine.Useconsole=ttyS0
or similar instead. See console for details.essid, wepkey, wpakey¶
Dracut doesn’t support wireless networking, so these don’t do anything.ethtool¶
Who needs to force half-duplex 10-base-T anymore?gdb¶
This was used to debugloader
, so it has been removed. There are plenty ofoptions for debugging dracut-based initramfs - see the dracut “Troubleshooting” guide.inst.mediacheck¶
Use the dracut option rd.live.check instead.ks=floppy¶
We no longer support floppy drives. Tryinst.ks=hd:<device>
instead.display¶
For remote display of the UI, use inst.vnc.utf8¶
All this option actually did was setTERM=vt100
. The defaultTERM
settingworks fine these days, so this was no longer necessary.noipv6¶
ipv6 is built into the kernel and can’t be removed by anaconda.You can disable ipv6 withipv6.disable=1
. This setting will be carried ontothe installed system.upgradeany¶
Anaconda doesn’t handle upgrades anymore.inst.repo=hd:<device>:<path> for installable tree¶
Anaconda can’t use this option with installable tree but only with an ISO file.inst.zram¶
Anaconda doesn’t runzram.service
anymore. Seezram-generator
for more information.inst.singlelang¶
Anaconda does not support single language mode anymore.repo=nfsiso:…¶
Anaconda no longer needs explicit specification that a NFS location is an ISO image.The difference between an installable tree and a dir with an.iso
file is nowautomatically detected, so this is the same asinst.repo=nfs:
…Navigation
- modules |
- next |
- previous |
- PyMOTW »
- Internet Protocols and Support »
- socket – Network Communication »
Sockets can be configured to act as a server and listen for incomingmessages, or connect to other applications as a client. After bothends of a TCP/IP socket are connected, communication isbi-directional.Echo Server¶
Mac Anaconda Allow Python.app Incoming Connections 2020
This sample program, based on the one in the standard librarydocumentation, receives incoming messages and echos them back to thesender. It starts by creating a TCP/IP socket.Then bind() is used to associate the socket with the serveraddress. In this case, the address is localhost, referring to thecurrent server, and the port number is 10000.Calling listen() puts the socket into server mode, andaccept() waits for an incoming connection.accept() returns an open connection between the server andclient, along with the address of the client. The connection isactually a different socket on another port (assigned by the kernel).Data is read from the connection with recv() and transmittedwith sendall().When communication with a client is finished, the connection needs tobe cleaned up using close(). This example uses atry:finally block to ensure that close() is always called,even in the event of an error.Echo Client¶
The client program sets up its socket differently from theway a server does. Instead of binding to a port and listening, ituses connect() to attach the socket directly to the remoteaddress.After the connection is established, data can be sent through thesocket with sendall() and received with recv(),just as in the server.When the entire message is sent and a copy received, the socket isclosed to free up the port.Client and Server Together¶
The client and server should be run in separate terminal windows, sothey can communicate with each other. The server output is:The client output is:Easy Client Connections¶
TCP/IP clients can save a few steps by using the convenience functioncreate_connection() to connect to a server. The function takesone argument, a two-value tuple containing the address of the server,and derives the best address to use for the connection.Mac Anaconda Allow Python.app Incoming Connections Using
create_connection() uses getaddrinfo() to find candidateconnection parameters, and returns a socket opened with thefirst configuration that creates a successful connection. Thefamily, type, and proto attributes can beexamined to determine the type of socket being returned.Choosing an Address for Listening¶
Mac Anaconda Allow Python.app Incoming Connections Across
It is important to bind a server to the correct address, so thatclients can communicate with it. The previous examples all used'localhost' as the IP address, which limits connections to clientsrunning on the same server. Use a public address of the server, suchas the value returned by gethostname(), to allow other hosts toconnect. This example modifies the echo server to listen on anaddress specified via a command line argument.A similar modification to the client program is needed before theserver can be tested.After starting the server with the argumentfarnsworth.hellfly.net, the netstat command shows itlistening on the address for the named host.Running the the client on another host, passingfarnsworth.hellfly.net as the host where the server is running,produces:And the server output is:Many servers have more than one network interface, and therefore morethan one IP address. Rather than running separate copies of a servicebound to each IP address, use the special address INADDR_ANYto listen on all addresses at the same time. Although socketdefines a constant for INADDR_ANY, it is an integer value andmust be converted to a dotted-notation string address before it can bepassed to bind(). As a shortcut, use the empty string 'instead of doing the conversion.Mac Anaconda Allow Python.app Incoming Connections Within
To see the actual address being used by a socket, call itsgetsockname() method. After starting the service, runningnetstat again shows it listening for incoming connectionson any address.Navigation
- modules |
- next |
- previous |
- PyMOTW »
- Internet Protocols and Support »
- socket – Network Communication »